Neurobiologia De Los Opiaceos

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Brains Neurobiology Opiates Opioid Pharmacology
raulespert
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    raulespert
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  • Added: 02-Jun-08

Un opiáceo es cualquier agente que se une a receptores opioides situados principalmente en el sistema nervioso central y en el tracto gastrointestinal. Hay cuatro grandes clases de opioides: péptidos opioides endógenos, producidos en el cuerpo; alcaloides del opio, tales como morfina (el opioide prototípico) y codeína; opioides semi-sintéticos, tales como heroína y oxicodona; y opioides completamente sintéticos, tales como petidina y metadona, que tienen una estructura no relacionada con los alcaloides del opio.

Aunque el término opiáceo es frecuentemente utilizado para referirse a todas las drogas similares al opio, es más apropiado limitar su alcance a los alcaloides naturales del opio y a sus derivados semi-sintéticos.

Los opioides se recetan frecuentemente por sus propiedades efectivas analgésicas de aliviar el dolor. Los medicamentos que pertenecen a esta clase (también conocidos como narcóticos) incluyen la morfina, la codeína (metilmorfina), la heroína (diacetilmorfina); la heroína es de estas tres la que tiene mayor afinidad por los receptores endorfínicos, por lo que es más potente que la morfina; no obstante, entró rápidamente en desuso en la práctica médica, por tener un perfil de seguridad muy desventajoso y por su mayor potencial de abuso. La morfina se utiliza a menudo como analgésico para aliviar el dolor intenso tras la cirugia o el dolor oncológico intenso. La codeína, por ser menos eficaz que la morfina, se utiliza para dolores menos agudos. Otros ejemplos de opioides que se recetan para aliviar el dolor incluyen buprenorfina, oxicodona (OxyContin), propoxifeno (Darvon), hidrocodona (Vicodin) e hidromorfona (Dilaudid), así como la meperidina (Demerol) que se usa menos debido a sus efectos secundarios. Además de sus propiedades analgésicas, algunas de estas drogas, por ejemplo, la codeína y el difenoxilato (Lomotil), pueden ser utilizadas para aliviar la tos y la diarrea. Los derivados mórficos: Fentanilo, Alfentanilo, Sulfentanilo son potentes analgésicos que se utilizan durante la cirugía. Actuamente existe el Remifentanilo, que es un potente opiáceo de vida media muy corta está siendo utilizado cada vez más durante los actos anestésicos.
Fuente: Wikipedia

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Neurobiologia De Los Opiaceos

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